摘要:在经济日益发展的社会中，企业目标由利润最大化转为价最大化。因此如何评价企业价值受到企业管理者和投资者的重视。财务报表是企业有关重要经济活动的综合反映，为企业经营者，投资人，债券人提供所需信息。通过研究上市公司的财务报表，能够评价企业过去的经营成果，衡量企业目前经济状况，预测企业未来的发展趋势。
对财务报表的分析，简单而直接的是有助于现在的或潜在的投资者正确、合理地评价公司的资产质量、偿债能力、盈利能力、和运营效率，有助于投资者评估与投资有关的未来现金流量的金额、时间和风险等，从而有助于投资者做出理性的投资决策。这里我们主要探索在证券市场上如何利用财务报表进行投资选择，主要包括（1）偿债能力分析。偿债能力是公司偿还到期债务的能力，包括短期偿债能力和长期偿债能力。(2) 营运能力分析。衡量营运能力的指标主要有流动资产周转指标、固定资产周转指标和总资产周转指标三项。(3)盈利能力分析。反映公司盈利能力的指标主要有：主营业务利润、成本费用利润率、总资产报酬率、净资产收益率。以及关于这几个方面的分析方法和各方面的局限性。
关键词: 财务报表,偿债能力,营运能力，盈利能力，上市公司
Abstract:In the economic development of society. Business goals from profit maximization to value maximization. Therefore how to evaluate the enterprise value by enterprise managers and investors attention. Financial statements are the important economic activities of enterprise comprehensive reflection, for enterprise managers, investors, creditors and provide the required information.Through the research on the financial statements of listed companies, to evaluate the past operating results, a measure of enterprise economy at present, predict its future development trend.
Analysis on the financial statements, simple and direct to contribute to the current or potential investors correctly, reasonable evaluation of the company 's asset quality, profitability, solvency, operating efficiency, help investors assess and investments related to the amount of future cash flows, time and risk, and thus contribute to the investors to make rational investment decisions. Here we explore primarily in the securities market, how to use the financial statements of investment options, including(1) Solvency analysis. Solvency is the company to repay due debt ability, including short-term solvency and the long term solvency.(2) Operational capability analysis. Measure the operating capacity of the main indexes are the turnover of current assets index, fixed assets turnover index and total assets turnover index three. Profitability analysis. Reflect the company's profitability indicators are: the main business profit, cost profit rate, the rate of return on total assets, net assets income rate. As well as on several aspects of this analysis method and the limitations.
Key Words： Financial statements, solvency, operating capacity, profitability, listed company
利用财务报表对企业财务状况进行分析评价，能够综地分析和评价公司的财务状况和经营成果。因此，要在财务分析中要树立科学的态度，这样才能提高财务分析水平。坚持全面分析原则，从不同角度对企业财务报表进行分析判断。同样的问题站在不同的角度分析，可以得出不同的结论。坚持多元立体分析原则，综合运用多种分析方法。在进行财务报表分析时，要从各项财务分析指标 的变化中把握企业的经济活动规律，全面评价企业的财务状况和经营成果。
