摘要：进入21世纪，我国商业银行的规模不断扩大，各个银行之间的竞争也日渐加剧，但是国有控股商业银行依然占据整个银行业的主导地位。它的发展安全性，利润可持续性既关乎到银行自身的发展，也关乎到整个国家的经济是否能健康运行。国有控股商业银行的利润主要来源于生息资产中的贷款资产。而当前银行面临的信贷风险中最主要的是信贷总量中的结构性风险，因而信贷结构调整优化是贷款风险管理的重要内容，制定由信贷结构衍生的信贷风险防范措施则是银行信贷业务利润的根本保证。本文以国有控股商业银行的信贷结构及风险防控为主线，根据各大国有控股商业银行的年度报表数据进行分析，重点探讨了我国国有控股商业银行在信贷结构上面临的期限结构不合理、行业投入分布过于集中、地域分布不合理等问题对银行带来的潜在信贷风险。目前，五大国有控股商业银行从信贷结构调整的角度来看，重点应当通过对把握宏观经济环境变化、调整行业结构投向、控制地方平台融资贷款、加强国有控股商业银行内部风险管理等途径切实防范和化解信贷风险。
关键词：国有控股商业银行；信贷结构；信贷风险；风险防控
ABSTRACT：In the 21st century, China’s commercial banks have been expanding, the competition between the various banks are increasingly intensified , but the state-owned commercial banks still occupy the dominant position of the whole banking sector. Security of its development, both essential to the sustainability of bank profits own development, but also relates to whether the country’s economy healthy. The profits of state-owned commercial banks mainly from their interest-earning assets. And the current credit risk faced by banks is various. The most important is the structural credit risk, and thus optimize the credit structure adjustment loan risk management is an important aspect of the development by the credit risk of structured credit. Derivatives precautions guarantee banks to maintain credit business profits of the fundamental. In this paper, state-owned commercial bank’s credit structure and risk prevention is the main line., according to the annual report data for analysis. This article focuses on the state-controlled commercial bank’s credit structure facing the term structure is irrational, such as too focused on industry input distribution, unreasonable geographical distribution and many other issues. As imperfect credit structure, will lead to credit risk, resulting in noneconomic situation, and actively adjust credit structure, to adopt appropriate measures for the prevention and control of credit risk occurs. The industrial structure and the release of local financing pressure strengthen the state-owned commercial bank’s internal risk management and other aspects of credit risk control measures.
Keywords: bank; credit structure; credit risk; risk control measures
目前，国内外针对银行信贷结构及其风险防控的研究一直在进行中。诸如针对批发、零售行业的银行信贷风险分析，针对后金融危机时代的商业银行的信贷风险分析，针对小企业的信贷风险防控及管理，以及国外对潜在的银行信贷风险的实证分析等等。通过这些专家学者的研究，也给业界信贷结构调整方案提供了有益的建议。有资料表明，在目前这种通货膨胀持续发生，经济不断增长的趋势下，银行正在逐渐的调整信贷结构。在2011年的《中国银行家调查报告》中统计出，商业银行信贷业务重点行业为制造业及交通运输业，而只有少部分银行选择一些新兴行业。国外的银行在信贷结构方面也作出一系列的调整，比如对于美国，由于美国的经济发展不乐观，前景不明朗，在信贷业务上无力大量扩充信贷规模，所以其信贷总量将出现大幅下滑，对于风险低而且担保物良好的贷款将会加大力度放贷。在经济全球化、金融全球化，银行业作为金融业的支柱以及信贷业务成为银行业支柱的大背景下，商业银行，尤其是国有控股商业银行必须要重视其信贷业务的发展。应该不断地调整和完善信贷结构，努力适应经济发展趋势。所以针对这一课题，也要加大研究的力度，对于各个经济形势下的信贷结构都进行分析，找到最适合最有利的信贷结构，并针对这一信贷结构分析其潜在风险，提出防控风险的措施和方案。所以，对于国有控股商业银行的信贷结构分析及其风险防控探讨有很好的应用前景。
本文将以国有控股商业银行的信贷结构及风险防控为主线，根据各大国有控股商业银行的年度报表数据进行分析，主要解决目前我国国有控股商业银行的基本信贷结构特征、衍生出的信贷风险以及如何防控这些风险等问题。
