摘要:改革开放以来，尤其是进入本世纪后，我国经济高速发展。随着经济不断发展，我国乳制品行业从小到大，由弱变强，乳制品逐渐成为家庭必需品。但是伴随着乳制品行业的快速发展，我国的乳制品质量问题也频频发生，乳制品的质量安全形势不容乐观。本文主要从乳制品规制的角度出发，通过研究发现公共规制在乳制品供应链监管方面，尤其是原奶采集方面规制的失灵。运用博弈论，研究了乳制品供应链内部乳制品企业与奶农之间的博弈，试图寻求乳制品企业与奶农的“双赢”。同时通过公共规制与乳制品供应链私人规制措施的对比，寻找私人规制在乳制品供应链中规制的优势。研究表明，在乳制品供应链私人规制中，核心企业通过对乳制品供应链上下游的过程干预，有利于降低获取质量信息的成本；供应链核心企业通过与奶农的利益协调和成本分担，有利于减少奶农的对抗性行为；通过高质量乳制品产出对私人规制者的回报激励，能够使私人规制具有可持续性和平稳性。最后，私人规制要想完全发挥作用，必须要有一定的条件：乳制品供应链核心厂商的利益协调与成本分担；良好的政策支持环境；需要明确乳制品供应链私人规制与政府公共规制的边界。
关键词：乳制品；供应链；私人规制；公共规制
ABSTRACT:Since the reform and opening up, especially in this century, China’s economic is in rapid development. With the continuous development of economic, China's dairy industry is from small to large and from weak to strong. Dairy products become household necessities. But with the rapid development of dairy industry, the quality problems of China's dairy products occurred frequently, and the safety situation of dairy products is not optimistic. I research from the point of view of the dairy supply chain in this paper. Through the survey I found that public regulation in the dairy supply chain, especially raw milk acquisition regulatory failure. Using game theory, this article study analyze the game between dairy products and dairy farmers within the supply chain of dairy .And I try to seek a win-win situation of that how dairy product and dairy farmers. Comparison of public regulation and private regulation, I try to identify the advantages of private regulatory supervision in the dairy supply chain. Through Private regulation in the dairy supply chain, the core enterprise can reduce the cost of information with quality intervention on the production process of the upstream and downstream in supply chain. The core enterprise can reduce The behavior of the strategies from the supply chain members through the coordination of interests and cost-sharing with the dairy upstream manufacturers. It is benefit for the core company to make policy be sustainable and stable, because the high-quality dairy products can make the return to private regulatory incentives. At last, in order to make the most of private regulation, there must be certain conditions: The core company in dairy supply chain must be ordination and cost sharing; policy support environment; we also need to clear the boundary of public regulation and private regulation of the dairy supply chain.
Keywords: dairy; supply chain; private regulation; public regulation
乳制品的种类包括很多，如纯牛奶、酸牛奶、奶粉、冰淇淋、奶酪等，我们每个人每天会食用其中一种或多种，而且有很大一部分的乳蛋白的营养吸收来自于乳制品。但是由于乳制品的种类十分多，每个类型的乳制品的对原奶的要求不尽相同。因此，某些乳制品企业出于追求利润最大化的目的，以次充好或者添加化学添加剂，让低品质的乳制品流入市场，这样就容易引起乳制品的质量问题。近些年的乳制品质量安全问题的发生，就是明证。而乳制品质量问题大多是源于奶牛的饲养和原奶的采集阶段，即供应链的上游阶段。对于供应链的上游阶段，由于资源的限制，公共规制不能达到理想的效果。本文从乳制品供应链的规制方式出发，通过对现有的质量规制方式的思考，同时结合我国乳制品行业的典型案例，对比政府的强制性的公共规制和乳制品供应链的私人规制的效果，发现乳制品供应链私人规制的优势，及优势发挥作用的必要条件。
