摘要:小额信贷（microfinance）也称微型金融，它定位的客户目标群是那些无法提供担保或者抵押品而被排斥在正规金融机构服务之外的穷人。小额信贷发源于世界上最穷的国家之一－孟加拉，1970年以来以经济发展消除贫困为目的的小额信贷已经在全球范围内得到很大发展，并在一些发展中国家取得瞩目的成就。改革开放以来我国的金融业得到很大的发展，但这种发展是不平衡的，我国的农村金融发展水平落后于城市金融。我国农村金融的主要问题表现为农村金融基础薄弱和资金配置效率低下。
文章通过对我国农村金融的现状与孟加拉和印度尼西亚小额信贷的经验对比分析，指出我国农村金融存在的问题的主要原因是我国农村金融体制设置的不合理以及政策缺失，并指出解决农村金融问题的关键在于金融创新。文章以理论和数据为证据进行论证，力求为解决中国农村金融问题提供有益的思路。
关键词: 小额信贷；农村金融改革； 地下金融
Abstract:The microfinance also called miniature finance; Microfinance locates its Goal customer on the poor persons which unable provide the guarantee and cannot get the service of the regular finance. The microfinance originates from Bangladesh which is the poorest country in the world. From 1970s the microfinance has obtained a very big global development which focuses attention on eliminating impoverishment by Economical development, and the microfinance makes great achievement in some developing nations. With the reform and opening policy our country financial industry has obtained an outstanding development, but this kind of development is not balanced, the level of our rural financial development lags behind the city finance. At present the mainly existence problem in our country rural finance are: The rural finance foundation is weak, and the fund scheme efficiency is low.
Through the contrastive analysis between the situation of our present rural finance and the microfinance experience of Bengal and Indonesia, this article points out the main causes of our rural finance problem : the illogical financial system establishment along with the inefficiently policy； Moreover, this paper points out the key to solve the rural finance problem lies in the financial innovation. Illustrate the argument with correlative theories and data, the article makes every effort to provide a beneficial idea to solve the China rural finance problem.
Key Words：Rural finance reform; Microfinance; Underground finance
改革开放以来，我国的城市商业银行发展迅速，但农村金融系统的改革却一直没有成效。我国正规国有金融部门的服务大部分面向城市和国有企业，但对于农村经济的金融需求却未能及时给予满足。相对发达的城市金融，中国农村金融服务业太薄弱，供给远不及需求。造成农村金融服务供给薄弱局面的原因是多方面的，既有农村金融系统本身的原因，也有外在的因素。因为农业本身具有产生的收入的不确定性、投资的长期性、低收益性和生产的分散性等特性，所以农村金融的交易成本和资金使用成本往往较高。由于我国实行统一的低利率政策，正规国有商业性金融机构一般不愿意涉足农村金融市场。正是由于正规金融机构的缺失，这些农村经济部门只能转而依靠“地下金融”寻求资金上的解决，农村金融市场因此往往被“地下金融”所占据。七十年代发源于孟加拉的小额贷款运动，现在已经在全世界得到推广，数以亿计的穷人受惠于这种新型贷款与贷款回收方式。目前小额信贷已经在很多发展中国家取得成功，孟加拉和印度尼西亚的小额信贷更是成功中的典范。就我国目前的农村金融困局结合外国经验探讨农村金融的改革，使金融业更好服务农村经济，对我国的金融深化具有深远的意义。
