摘要:寒食节是中国最重要的传统节日之一,自古以来,就有很多诗词作于寒食节,作者借此来抒情达意。宋词中寒食词数量丰富,不仅继承了前代寒食诗中感伤忧愁、忧生嗟世的意蕴,而且在宋代这一特定时代和新的生活环境中,宋代寒食词内容更加丰富,主要可以概括为:哀亡悼死、别思怀乡、时世感慨、含媚嘉悦及隐情逸志。宋代寒食词富有强大的艺术魅力,它善于使用梨花等意象来传递情思,采取今昔对比等手法来突显意蕴,在言语上更以其柔媚婉丽取胜。宋代寒食词在我国古代文学发展史上具有承前启后的地位,影响深远。
关键字 宋代;寒食词;思想蕴含;艺术魅力
Abstract:Cold Food Festival is one of the most important traditional festival in Chinese history.Since the ancient times,there were a lot of poems written in the cold food festival,that the author used to express their feelings.The quantity of cold food festival speech was very large,not only inherited the previous cold food festival poems’ sentimental and sorrow,but also influenced by the specific era and a new living environment in the song Dynasty,so the content of Song Dynasty Han Shi Ci was more rich. The main content can be summarized as mourning the dead people,missing home,society emotions,enjoying happy festival atmosphere and apathetic feelings. It was full of strong artistic charm.It was good at using pear flower imagery to convey emotions and thoughts, took the historical measurement etc to highlight the significance and won by gentle language. Cold food festival speech has a connection effect in the history of Chinese ancient literature and profound impact in the Song Dynasty.
Keywords the Song Dynasty Cold food festival speech thought implication artistic charm
传统节日是一个民族文化与信仰的外在反映,世界文化也正是由于世界各民族不同的传统节日而变得绚丽多彩。我国是一个具有五千年文化的国家,因此传统节日也是相当之多的,从时间上说,从周、秦、汉、唐到明、清直至如今;从地域上看,从黑龙江到海南岛,赤县神州千百年来一直虔诚地信奉和恪守着,传统节日已融入百姓的日常生活中了。
一个成熟的节日往往蕴含着一定的深刻的思想内涵,而这些思想内涵往往也是历代文人骚客所吟咏描绘的主题。“在我国,有关传统节日的诗词异常丰富。例如咏七夕的牛郎织女相会:‘盈盈一水间,脉脉不得语’(《古诗十九首》),这是诉;‘愿做双青鸟,共舒明镜前’(南朝范云《望织女》),这是盼;‘旧愁虽暂止,新愁还复来’(隋王昚《七夕》),这是会;‘但令此夕长相会,牛女何劳别恨生’(清许廷鑅《七夕雨中》),这是慰。”[1]等等。这些多视角的吟咏,涵容进了人世间的喜怒哀乐,悲欢离合。
“寒食, 在清明节前的一日或二日。相传春秋时晋文公负其功臣介之推, 介愤而隐于绵山。文公悔悟, 烧山逼其出仕, 之推抱树焚死。人们同情介之推的遭遇, 相约于其忌日禁火冷食, 以为悼念, 遂相沿成俗, 谓之寒食。”[2]在唐以前涉及到寒食的诗词甚少,仅南北朝存在三首。到了唐宋时期,关于寒食的作品如雨后春笋般展现在世人面前,在《全宋词》中,直接出现“寒食”字样的词就有二百多首。寒食词的大量出现与宋代寒食节的繁荣以及宋代文化的高度发展有着密切的关系。宋代的寒食词记录宋代“寒食节”的丰富内涵和宋人丰富的精神世界,使千年后的今人通过有关词作的诵读,仍能感受到宋人鲜活的内心世界。