[摘要]李益是中唐时期杰出的诗人。大历贞元时期,他写了不少很有社会影响的乐府诗,在唐代乐府诗发展史上占有一定的位置。然而,就目前李益诗歌的整体研究情况来说,学界大都从边塞诗这一题材方面入手,而其占有一定数量的乐府诗研究显得相对薄弱,长期没有得到学界足够的重视。本文就李益的乐府诗创作展开论述,首先对李益乐府加以整理分类,继而对它的题材内容、艺术特点进行分析,以评估李益乐府诗在唐代诗歌史上的地位和影响,将李益诗歌研究推向深入。
[关键词] 李益; 乐府诗; 题材内容; 艺术特点; 影响
[Abstract] Li Yi was an eminent poet in Tang Dynasty.In Dali and Zhenyuan period,he had written many poems which had a great impact on society so that he got a certain position in the Yue-Fu poesy's history of Tang Dynasty.In the case of the present research of Li Yi's poems overall,the scholars pay much more attention to Li Yi's frontier fortress poems.However,Li Yi's Yue-Fu poems have not attracted adequate attention.This paper tries to grasp the correlative information and documentation about Li Yi,through unscrambling his Yue-Fu poems.Firstly it sorts out all Li Yi's Yue-Fu poems in Li Yi's Poetry Anthology and divides them into subcategories.In the hope of providing a slight help for the further study of Li Yi's poesy,then it will analyze and explore the subject matter and art characteristics of Li Yi's Yue-Fu poems, which aims to reevaluate his influence on Tang poesy's history and his historical position in Tang poesy field.
[Key words] Li Yi Yue-Fu poem subject matter art characteristic influence
李益是中唐前期重要的乐府诗人。包括李益在内的大历贞元诗人的乐府诗创作,既有对前代乐府创作的继承,对于后来的新乐府运动也是有一定贡献的,实际上具有承前启后的作用。从李益的乐府诗中,可以明显看出对前代乐府诗的继承和模仿。如《轻薄篇》中的“豪不必驰千骑,雄不在垂双鞬”,在句式上仿自古辞《猛虎行》中的“饥不从猛虎食,暮不从野雀栖”。又如《效古促促曲为河上思妇作》,从题目上便可以看出是模仿《古促促曲》而成。《杂曲》一诗,灵活运用比兴手法,杨慎《升庵诗话》对其评价为:“此诗比兴,有古乐府之风,唐人鲜及。”《长干行》清丽缠绵,旋律回环婉转,声情摇曳,乔亿《大历诗略》卷四谓:“音韵犹晋乐府之《西洲曲》也。”同时,李益的乐府诗创作又以其独特的风貌,在当时并对后世产生了重要影响,评价颇高。《旧唐书·李益传》说李益“登进士第,长为歌诗。贞元末,与宗人李贺齐名。每作一篇,为教坊乐人以赂求取,唱为供奉歌词”。新乐府运动诗人王建将李益看作诗坛领袖,其《寄李益少监兼送张实游幽州》对李益诗赞誉甚高,说:“大雅废已久,人伦失其常。天若不生君,谁复为文纲。”然而,到了元和时期,在新乐府运动轰轰烈烈地兴起之时,李益却未能在这场诗歌运动中占一席之地。究其原因,或为诗人此时入京为官,后逐渐身居高位,远离社会现实,且诗人已近暮年,日渐远离了诗坛的中心,因此不可能像元白一批初露锋芒、充满锐气的青年诗人一样写出反映现实矛盾的新乐府诗,这也势必造成李益晚年对当时诗坛影响力的减弱。尽管如此,就整个中唐乐府诗歌发展的过程而言,李益乐府诗的创作成就和作用却是不容忽视的。