摘要:正当防卫制度作为刑事违法性阻却事由的一种,在各国刑事立法中都具有重要的法律地位。我国《刑法》第20条规定:“为了使国家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、财产和其他权利免受正在进行的不法侵害,而采取的制止不法侵害的行为,对不法侵害人造成损害的,属于正当防卫,不负刑事责任” 。但传统的正当防卫要件理论因受虐妇女杀夫案在立法与司法实践中遭受质疑与冲击。笔者通过比较分析现今正当防卫时间要件的学说,借鉴国外对于正当防卫的司法理论研究与立法现状,针对传统正当防卫时间要件理论的不足,对正当防卫开始时间与终止时间等时间要件进行了重新构建。
关键字:正当防卫;构成要件;受虐妇女综合症
Abstract:Justifiable defense system is a kind of the act being exempted from crimes. It has important legal status in criminal legislation in the world. The article 20 of Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China says, " An act that a person commits to stop an unlawful infringement in order to prevent the interests of the State and the public, or his own or other person's rights of the person, property or other rights from being infringed upon by the on-going infringement, thus harming the perpetrator, is justifiable defense, and he shall not bear criminal responsibility ". But the constitutive requirements theory of traditional justifiable defense is queried and impact in the judicial practice and legislation because of the case of husband being killed by battered women. I will compare and analyses time important document theory of justifiable defense in the present time, take example by other countries which judicial theoretical research and legislative situation of justifiable defense, aim at the insufficient about time important document theory of traditional justifiable defense, and reconstruct the time important document of justifiable defense such as start time and terminal time.
Key words: Justifiable defense;Constitutive requirements;Battered women syndrome
近年来,在刑法理论和司法实践中,正当防卫的传统要件理论因受虐妇女不堪忍受丈夫的长期虐待而杀害丈夫的案件逐渐受到法学界的质疑。2010年3月23日9点45分,杭州中院1号法庭开庭审理了受虐妇女张文华因不堪家暴杀死丈夫李世健的案件。一审判决张文华因故意杀人罪判处无期徒刑。相比之下,2003年1月17日河北省宁晋县审理的一起杀夫案——刘栓霞无法忍受长期生活在丈夫暴力阴影下,用毒鼠强毒杀丈夫的案件,在法官考虑到曾经长期遭受家庭暴力影响情况下,河北省邢台市中级人民法院终审裁定,以犯故意杀人罪判处刘栓霞有期徒刑12年,剥夺政治权利3年。同为因长期受虐而杀夫的案件,一个判无期,一个判有期徒刑12年, 造成她们的判决结果大相径庭的原因主要在于以暴抗暴的从轻、减轻处理在我国现行刑法中并没有明确的规定,而国际上通行的做法——把受虐妇女杀夫行为以正当防卫论处,更是我国法律的空白之处。因此对于此类案件,刑法不能给予公平的指导,也只有依靠法官的职业与道德判断,给予最公正的处理了。在我国,正当防卫立法与学术理论排除了“受虐妇女综合症”在此的运用,使无法忍受长期家庭暴力的妇女得不到应有的保护与合理的判决。笔者试着针对我国正当防卫时间要件所存在的不足,对正当防卫时间要件进行重构。