[摘要]:梅州市为客家人比较集中的聚居地,梅县话不仅是该地主要方言,更是客家方言的代表话。本文以广东梅县话为例,考察客家方言与古代汉语语音的源流关系。内容主要包括三个方面:一是声母的保留情况,其中对轻唇音、舌上音以及尖团音进行重点描写。二是韵母的保留情况,列举与古汉语重合的方言事实,进一步佐证客家方言对古汉语具有传承性这一观点。三是调值与调类,利用共时描写、共时比较、历史比较法等,证明梅县话中的阴入与阳入对古汉语的清、浊与次浊入声进行了成套严整的保留。
[关键词]:客家话; 古汉语; 梅县; 语音
[Abstract]:Meizhou is the concentrated settlement where Hakka people live together. Meixian accent is not only the main dialect in Meizhou, but the representation of Hakka dialect. In case of the Meixian accent, this paper studies the relationship of Hakka dialect and the phonetics of ancient Chinese. The main contents of this paper consist three parts. One of them is the reservation of consonants. In this part, I describe the labiodental sound, alveolar sound and Jian & Tuan sounds emphatically. The second part is the reservation of vowels. In this paper, in order to proof that Hakka Dialect has inherited the phonetics of ancient Chinese, I list some dialect facts, which coincide with the ancient Chinese. The last part concerns to the tones. Using the Synchronic description, Diachronic comparison and Historical Comparative Approach, this paper investigates the set of reservations of the entering tone in the ancient Chinese.
[Key words]: Hakka dialect ; ancient Chinese; Meixian; phonetics
语音是语言的物质外壳,而以中国古代语音为研究对象的音韵学却已近乎成为“绝学”。如今,研究上古语音的主要材料是:中古韵书、谐声字、异文、读若以及《切韵》、先秦韵文和形声偏旁;研究中古语音的材料则是:反切、《广韵》以及三十六韵部。现代汉语方言脱胎于古汉语进而独立发展。所以,历代学者从以上材料总结出的规律大多可以用方言加以印证。
梅县话保留了古代汉语的语音面貌。有关客家方言对古汉语的传承,多数学者认为:客家人根在中原,在南迁的过程中不忘保持自己的语言和风俗习惯,严格遵循“宁卖祖宗田,不卖祖宗言”的祖训,虽与少数民族语言有所交流、融合,但仍保持了中原古汉语的主体成分。所以客家方言可以称为古代汉语的“活化石”。而梅县话恰是客家方言的代表话,所以,梅县话与古代汉语同样有着不可隔断的源流关系。